Research Developments on Flexitime: A Bibliometric Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52250/bmr.v13i1.940Keywords:
Flexitime, Female Employee Well-being, Job Satisfaction, Work-life Balance, Work FlexibilityAbstract
Introduction/Main Objectives: The phenomenon of the increasing need for work flexibility in various countries has prompted many organizations to adopt flexitime work systems. This study aims to examine publication related to flexitime and its associations with work-life balance, jo satisfaction, and employee well-being, with a specific emphasis on female employees. Background Problems: The publication trend on flexitime has fluctuated from 1976 to 2024, with minimal publications before 1990. Since the early 2000s, the number of publications has steadily increased, driven by heightened attention to work-life balance and the evolving dynamics of the workforce. Novelty: Unlike previous studies, this research specifically examines the evolution of flexitime publications and quantitatively maps its research connections using bibliometric analysis. Research Methods: A bibliometric analysis was conducted using data from the Scopus database, analyzing 92 publications from 1976 to 2024. VOSviewer was used to visualize research trends in publication frequency, country contributions, co-authorship networks, and keyword co-occurrences. Finding/Results: The study reveals a significant rise in flexitime research since the early 2000s, correlating with increased discussions on work-life balance and employee well-being. The bibliometric analysis highlights key research clusters and gaps in existing literature. Conclusion: Flexitime research has evolved significantly, reflecting its growing importance in workforce management. However, significant gaps remain in understanding the challenges associated with implementation, the role of government policies, and the integration of technology and digital tools. Future reseach should address these issues to foster a more flexible, inclusive, and productive work environment.
References
Algava, É., Cavalin, C., & Célérier, S. (2012). The singular good health of self-employed workers. Travail et Emploi, 132, 5–20. https://doi.org/10.4000/travailemploi.5806
Allan, K. (2006). The engineer of the 21st century. IET Engineering Management, 16(2), 16–19. https://doi.org/10.1049/em:20060203
Alqasa, K. M. A., & Alsulami, N. Y. (2022). The Impact of Flexible Work Arrangements (FWA) on Employees Performance in the Saudi Education sector. International Journal of Operations and Quantitative Management, 28(1), 174–192. https://doi.org/10.46970/2022.28.1.10
Alsarve, J. (2017). Working it out: strategies to reconcile work and family among Swedish lone mothers. Families, Relationships and Societies, 6(3), 325–340. https://doi.org/10.1332/204674315X14418885009965
Amari, A., Mousa, M., Chaouali, W., Ghali-Zinoubi, Z., & Aloui, N. (2023). Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde? Unpacking the Effects of Flexitime and Flexiplace: a Study on MENA Region. Public Organization Review, 23(4), 1333–1352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-022-00667-0
Amponsah, S., Kumi-Yeboah, A., Adjapong, S. O., & Omorogie, C. O. (2020). Coping experiences of graduate students on full-time employment and full-time academic programmes. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 39(5–6), 605–618. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2020.1852621
Ananda, A. (2024). The Influence of Flexible Work on Work-Life Balance and Employee Performance in Human Resource Management. Devotion : Journal of Research and Community Service, 5(2), 335–340. https://doi.org/10.59188/devotion.v5i2.689
Aristizábal, C., & Alejandro, J. (2016). Editorial. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, 25(1), 9–11. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v25n1.56276
Azeem, M. M., & Kotey, B. (2023). Innovation in SMEs: the role of flexible work arrangements and market competition. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 34(1), 92–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.1961162
Barling, J., & Barenbrug, A. (1984). Some personal consequences of “flexitime” work schedules. Journal of Social Psychology, 123(1), 137–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1984.9924524
Beare, H., Caldwell, B. J., & Millikan, R. H. (2018). Creating an Excellent School. In Creating an Excellent School: Some New Management Techniques. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351041546
Blyton, P. (2008). Towards more sustainable work patterns. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 117, 487–494. https://doi.org/10.2495/SC080461
Blyton, P. (2014). Changes in working time: An international review. In Changes in Working Time: An International Review. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315778426
Bryan, M. L. (2012). Access to Flexible Working and Informal Care. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 59(4), 361–389. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.2012.00585.x
Bryan, M. L., & Sevilla, A. (2017). Flexible working in the UK and its impact on couples’ time coordination. Review of Economics of the Household, 15(4), 1415–1437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-017-9389-6
Chen, K.-J. (2001). Change of work schedule and its implications during financial crisis: The case of the Philippines. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(2), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190010014601
Chen, Z., & Yeh, A. G. O. (2021). Socioeconomic variations and disparity in space–time accessibility in suburban China: A case study of Guangzhou. Urban Studies, 58(4), 750–768. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020916416
Chung, H. (2018). Dualization and the access to occupational family‐friendly working‐time arrangements across Europe. Social Policy & Administration, 52(2), 491–507. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12379
Chung, H., & Booker, C. (2023). Flexible Working and the Division of Housework and Childcare: Examining Divisions across Arrangement and Occupational Lines. Work, Employment and Society, 37(1), 236–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/09500170221096586
Chung, H., & van der Horst, M. (2018). Women’s employment patterns after childbirth and the perceived access to and use of flexitime and teleworking. Human Relations, 71(1), 47–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726717713828
Chung, H., & van der Horst, M. (2020). Flexible Working and Unpaid Overtime in the UK: The Role of Gender, Parental and Occupational Status. Social Indicators Research, 151(2), 495–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-2028-7
Chung, H., & van der Lippe, T. (2020). Flexible Working, Work–Life Balance, and Gender Equality: Introduction. Social Indicators Research, 151(2), 365–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-2025-x
Clarke, S., & Holdsworth, L. (2017). Flexibility in the workplace: Implications of flexible work arrangements for individuals, teams and organizations Alliance Manchester Business School. University of Manchester, Booth Street East, Manchester, M13 9SS, July, 1–36. https://www.acas.org.uk/research-and-commentary/implications-of-flexible-work-arrangements/report
Conradie, W. J., & de Klerk, J. J. (2019). To flex or not to flex? Flexible work arrangements amongst software developers in an emerging economy. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 17. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v17i0.1175
De Menezes, L. M., & Kelliher, C. (2011). Flexible working and performance: A systematic review of the evidence for a business case. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(4), 452–474. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00301.x
De Spiegelaere, S., Van Gyes, G., & Van Hootegem, G. (2016). Not All Autonomy is the Same. Different Dimensions of Job Autonomy and Their Relation to Work Engagement & Innovative Work Behavior. Human Factors and Ergonomics In Manufacturing, 26(4), 515–527. https://doi.org/10.1002/hfm.20666
Dodier, R. (2007). Temporalities in periurban areas, from commuting time to flexible time and conflict. Espace-Populations-Societes, 2–3, 305–316. https://doi.org/10.4000/eps.2198
Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133(March), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070
Downes, C., & Koekemoer, E. (2011). Work–life balance policies: Challenges and benefits associated with implementing flexitime. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v9i1.382
Downes, C., & Koekemoer, E. (2012). Work-life Balance Policies: The Use of Flexitime. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 22(2), 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2012.10820518
Drew, D., & Murtagh, E. M. (2005). Work/life balance: Senior management champions or laggards? Women in Management Review, 20(4), 262–278. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420510599089
Eldridge, D., & Nisar, T. (2023). Flexitime. In Encyclopedia of Human Resource Management, Second Edition (pp. 131–136). Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85171509438&partnerID=40&md5=799dc8f3e53ad8b9c8bf0cbe330e693b
Eldridge, D., & Nisar, T. M. (2011). Employee and organizational impacts of flexitime work arrangements. Relations Industrielles, 66(2), 213–234. https://doi.org/10.7202/1006144ar
FARHA, Y. A., Setiadi, I. K., & Jubaedah. (2022). Pengaruh Flexible Working Arrangement Dan Kepuasan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Direktorat Tik Kantor Pusat Ditjen Pajak. Jurnal Visionida, 8(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.30997/jvs.v8i1.5630
Galea, C., Houkes, I., & De Rijk, A. (2014). An insider’s point of view: how a system of flexible working hours helps employees to strike a proper balance between work and personal life. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(8), 1090–1111. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.816862
Ge, J., & Polhill, G. J. (2016). Exploring the Combined Effect of Factors Influencing Commuting Patterns and CO2 Emissions in Aberdeen Using an Agent-Based Model. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 19(3). https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.3078
Giachi, S., & Vallejo-Peña, A. (2022). Comparing Flexible Working Hours in Northern and Southern Europe: A Methodological Analysis using Individual Survey Data. E-Journal of International and Comparative Labour Studies, 11(2), 134–157. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85161279126&origin=inward
Goulding, A., & Kerslake, E. (1996). Flexible working in UK library and information services: Current practice and concerns. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 28(4), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/096100069602800403
Green, F. (2008). Leeway for the loyal: A model of employee discretion. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 46(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2007.00666.x
Guillemot, L., & Soumagne, J. (2007). Temporalities and services in urban areas: The case of angers. Espace-Populations-Societes, 2–3, 255–272. https://doi.org/10.4000/eps.2153
Haar, J. M. (2007). Exploring the benefits and use of flexitime: Similarities and differences. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, 4(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1108/11766090710732514
Hayman, J. R. (2009). Flexible work arrangements: Exploring the linkages between perceived usability of flexible work schedules and work/life balance. Community, Work and Family, 12(3), 327–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668800902966331
He, S. Y. (2013). Does flexitime affect choice of departure time for morning home-based commuting trips? Evidence from two regions in California. Transport Policy, 25, 210–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.11.003
HEYWOOD, J. S., SIEBERT, W. S., & WEI, X. (2011). Estimating the Use of Agency Workers: Can Family-Friendly Practices Reduce Their Use? Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 50(3), 535–564. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2011.00645.x
Hokke, S., Bennetts, S. K., Crawford, S., Leach, L., Hackworth, N. J., Strazdins, L., Nguyen, C., Nicholson, J. M., & Cooklin, A. R. (2021). Does flexible work ‘work’ in Australia? A survey of employed mothers’ and fathers’ work, family and health. Community, Work and Family, 24(4), 488–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2019.1704397
Holley, W. H., Armenakis, A. A., & Field, H. S. (1976). Employee reactions to a flexitime program: A longitudinal study. Human Resource Management, 15(4), 21–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930150404
Ierodiakonou, C., & Stavrou, E. (2017). Flexitime and employee turnover: the polycontextuality of regulation as cross-national institutional contingency. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(21), 3003–3026. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1362658
Ingraham, P. W., & Rosenbloom, D. H. (1998). The new public personnel and the new public service. International Journal of Public Administration, 21(6–8), 995–1025. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900699808525330
Jackson, L. T. B., & Fransman, E. I. (2018). Flexi work, financial well-being, work–life balance and their effects on subjective experiences of productivity and job satisfaction of females in an institution of higher learning. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v21i1.1487
Kakar, A., Saufi, R., Devadhasan, B., Meyer, N., Vetrivel, S., & Magda, R. (2021). The Mediating Role of Person-Job Fit between Work-Life Balance (WLB) Practices and Academic Turnover Intentions in India’s Higher Educational Institutions. Sustainability, 13(19), 10497. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910497
Kalliath, P., Kalliath, T., Chan, X. W., & Chan, C. (2020). Enhancing job satisfaction through work–family enrichment and perceived supervisor support: the case of Australian social workers. Personnel Review, 49(9), 2055–2072. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-06-2018-0219
Karyabwite, A., & Govender, P. (2011). Flexitime as a mechanism to reduce employee stress. Corporate Ownership and Control, 9(1 G), 648–654. https://doi.org/10.22495/cocv9i1c6art8
Karyabwite, A., & Govender, P. (2012). Flexitime and stress reduction: biographical influences. Corporate Ownership and Control, 9(4–3), 339–345. https://doi.org/10.22495/cocv9i4c3art4
Kirk, J. J., Downey, B., Duckett, S., & Woody, C. (2000). Name your career development intervention. Journal of Workplace Learning, 12(5), 205–217. https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620010316217
Kogi, K. (1995). Increasing flexibility in shiftwork arrangements. Work and Stress, 9(2–3), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678379508256556
Krausz, M., & Hermann, E. (1991). Who is Afraid of Flexitime: Correlates of Personal Choice of a Flexitime Schedule. Applied Psychology, 40(3), 315–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1991.tb00993.x
Kröll, C., Doebler, P., & Nüesch, S. (2017). Meta-analytic evidence of the effectiveness of stress management at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(5), 677–693. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1347157
Kröll, C., & Nüesch, S. (2019). The effects of flexible work practices on employee attitudes: evidence from a large-scale panel study in Germany. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(9), 1505–1525. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1289548
Kuhne, R. J., & Blair, C. O. (1978). Flexitime. Business Horizons, 21(2), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(78)90046-0
Kumpulainen, M., & Seppänen, M. (2022). Combining Web of Science and Scopus datasets in citation-based literature study. Scientometrics, 127(10), 5613–5631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-022-04475-7
Lee, R. A. (1980). Recent Trends in the Managerial Use of Flexible Working Hours. Personnel Review, 9(3), 51–53. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb055417
Lee, R. A. (1981). The Effects of Flexitime on Family Life — Some Implications for Managers. Personnel Review, 10(3), 31–35. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb055439
Lee, R. A. (1982). Flexitime - Past Investigations and Future Directions. Management Research News, 5(2), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb027798
Lott, Y. (2020). Does Flexibility Help Employees Switch Off from Work? Flexible Working-Time Arrangements and Cognitive Work-to-Home Spillover for Women and Men in Germany. Social Indicators Research, 151(2), 471–494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-2031-z
Lott, Y., Kelliher, C., & Chung, H. (2022). Reflecting the changing world of work? A critique of existing survey measures and a proposal for capturing new ways of working. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 28(4), 457–473. https://doi.org/10.1177/10242589221130597
Meil, G. (2010). Geographic job mobility and parenthood decisions. In Zeitschrift fur Familienforschung (Vol. 22, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-273
Mrkic, D., & von Treuer, K. (2016). The Effects of Flexitime on Individual Work Performance. Management Education: An International Journal, 16(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.18848/2327-8005/CGP/v16i01/13-23
Munch, E. (2019). The irresistible peak-hour: Instrumental and axiological rationales of work hours’ synchronisation. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 3, 100063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2019.100063
Munch, E. (2020). Social norms on working hours and peak times in public transport. Time & Society, 29(3), 836–865. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X20905478
Narayanan, V. K., & Nath, R. (1982). A field test of some attitudinal and behavioral consequences of flexitime. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(2), 214–218. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.67.2.214
Narayanan, V. K., & Nath, R. (1984). The Influence of Group Cohesiveness on Some Changes Induced by Flexitime: A Quasi-Experiment. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 20(3), 265–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/002188638402000306
Nastiti, R., & Lisandri, L. (2022). Flexible Working Arrangement, Work-Life Balance dan Kinerja Pekerja Perempuan di Kota Banjarmasin di Tengah Pandemi. Jurnal Riset Inspirasi Manajemen Dan Kewirausahaan, 6(1), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.35130/jrimk.v6i1.276
Ng, C. W., & Chiu, W. C. K. (2001). Managing equal opportunities for women: Sorting the friends from the foes. Human Resource Management Journal, 11(1), 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2001.tb00033.x
Ninkov, A., Frank, J. R., & Maggio, L. A. (2021). Bibliometrics: Methods for studying academic publishing. Perspectives on Medical Education, 11(3), 173–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40037-021-00695-4
Nollen, S. D. (1979). Does flexitime improve productivity? Harvard Business Review, 57(5), 12, 16–18, 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10243536
Orpen, C. (1981). Effect of flexible working hours on employee satisfaction and performance: A field experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66(1), 113–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.66.1.113
Peetz, D., & Allan, C. (2005). Flexitime and the Long-Hours Culture in the Public Sector: Causes and Effects. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 15(2), 159–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/103530460501500201
Petersen, D. J. (1980). Flexitime in the United States: The lessons of experience. Personnel, 57(1), 21–31. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0019188677&partnerID=40&md5=fbf3f87f8341487435c79938cb206c37
Piqhiyatul, S. (2019). Pengaruh job stress dan flexible working hours terhadap work life balance pada wanita pekerja pemetik teh yang dimediatori oleh attitude toward women [UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta]. https://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/handle/123456789/79284
Ritawaty, N., Umairah, S., Hadziq, K., Sitorus, F., & Tarigan, S. E. (2024). Analisis Studi Literatur Tantangan Penerapan Flexible Working. Jurnal Syntax Admiration, 5(6), 2162–2171. https://doi.org/10.46799/jsa.v5i6.1226
Roncero, R. C. (2017). Reduction and adaptation of working hours due to work-life balance. Revista Del Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social, 133, 115–138. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85139750662&partnerID=40&md5=6c819789da69d2178ac5b232c4967463
RONEN, S. (1981). ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE PATTERNS OF PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYEES BEFORE AND AFTER IMPLEMENTATION OF FLEXITIME. Personnel Psychology, 34(4), 817–822. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1981.tb01432.x
Rosow, J. M., & Zager, R. (1983). Punch out the time clocks. Harvard Business Review, 61(2), 12–16, 20. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020731704&partnerID=40&md5=c80b95b407797714ed29078e336e0884
Russell, H., O’Connell, P. J., & McGinnity, F. (2009). The impact of flexible working arrangements on work-life conflict and work pressure in Ireland. Gender, Work and Organization, 16(1), 73–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2008.00431.x
Samuel, N. (1986). Free time in France: a historical and sociological survey. International Social Science Journal, 38(1), 49–63. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022920205&partnerID=40&md5=b45f4a0eb83da62fcd831153a7d869dd
Sánchez, A. M., Pérez, M. P., De Luis Carnicer, P., & Jiménez, M. J. V. (2007). Teleworking and workplace flexibility: A study of impact on firm performance. Personnel Review, 36(1), 42–64. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480710716713
Santos, J. M. F. C. (2017). The Spanish labour market and work-life balance: The need for a change in the economic, social and cultural model. Revista Del Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social, 133, 369–391. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85111683984&partnerID=40&md5=91afb63ef265409f44b00bce67e7ac82
Sari, C. P. (2016). Analisis faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi sitasi dan indeks H publikasi dosen ITS di Google Scholar [Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember]. http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/71391
Seitz, J., & Rigotti, T. (2018). How do differing degrees of working-time autonomy and overtime affect worker well-being? A multilevel approach using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift Für Personalforschung, 32(3–4), 177–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/2397002218780630
Shagvaliyeva, S., & Yazdanifard, R. (2014). Impact of Flexible Working Hours on Work-Life Balance. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 04(01), 20–23. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2014.41004
SHAMIR, B. (1980). A note on individual differences in the subjective evaluation of flexitime. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53(3), 215–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1980.tb00027.x
Sheail, P. (2018). Temporal flexibility in the digital university: full-time, part-time, flexitime. Distance Education, 39(4), 462–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2018.1520039
Solera, C. (2022). Family Act: a «Revolution» in Italian Family Policies? Politiche Sociali, 9(2), 333–337. https://doi.org/10.7389/104624
Stella, I., Jheriohanma, E. B. J., & Nehemiah, C. (2020). Flexible Working Arrangments and Organizational Performance: An Overview. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS, 25(6), 50. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2505065059
Subramaniam, G., Ramachandran, J., Putit, L., & Raju, R. (2020). Exploring Academics’ Work-Life Balance and Stress Levels Using Flexible Working Arrangements. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 5(15), 469–476. https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5i15.2497
Sulaymonov, A. (2020). Flexible Working Practices: Urgency or Future? Modern Economy, 11(07), 1342–1350. https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2020.117095
Sunaryo, S., Sawitri, H. S. R., Suyono, J., Wahyudi, L., & Sarwoto. (2022). Flexible work arrangement and work-related outcomes during the Covid-19 pandemic: Evidence from local governments in Indonesia. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 20(3), 411–424. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(3).2022.33
Susilowati, E., & Kasali, R. (2024). Pengaturan Kerja Fleksibel : Dampaknya terhadap Ketahanan Mental dan Kesejahteraan Generasi X , Y , dan Z di Depok Flexible Work Arrangements : The Impact on Mental Resilience and Wellbeing of Generations X , Y , and Z in Depok. X(1), 103–134. https://ejurnal.ubharajaya.ac.id/index.php/kamnas/article/view/1582
Swart, J. C. (1985). Clerical workers on flexitime: A survey of three industries. In Personnel (Vol. 62, Issue 4). https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ314778
Sweet, S., Besen, E., Pitt-Catsouphes, M., & McNamara, T. K. (2014). Do options for job flexibility diminish in times of economic uncertainty? Work, Employment and Society, 28(6), 882–903. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017014538335
Ten B., L. L., Haarb, J. M., & van der Lippe, T. (2010). Collegiality under pressure: The effects of family demands and flexible work arrangements in the Netherlands. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(15), 2831–2847. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2010.528666
Urbancová, H., & Navrátilová, M. (2016). The organization of working hours of selected employee categories in Czech businesses. Economic Annals, 61(211), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.2298/EKA1611099U
van Rossum, D. (2024). 100+ Hybrid Work Statistics and Trends in 2024. FlexOS.Work. https://www.flexos.work/learn/hybrid-work-statistics-and-trends#nav-bar
Welch, J. L., & Cordon, D. (1980). Assessing the impact of flexitime on productivity. Business Horizons, 23(6), 61–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(80)90052-X
Wexler, M. N. (2015). Re-thinking queue culture: The commodification of thick time. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 35(3–4), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-06-2014-0048
Wheat, R. A. (1982). The Federal Flexitime System: Comparison and Implementation. Public Personnel Management, 11(1), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/009102608201100104
Whyman, P. B., & Petrescu, A. I. (2014). Partnership, flexible workplace practices and the realisation of mutual gains: evidence from the British WERS 2004 dataset. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(6), 829–851. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.751439
Whyman, P. B., & Petrescu, A. I. (2015). Workplace Flexibility Practices in SMEs: Relationship with Performance via Redundancies, Absenteeism, and Financial Turnover. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(4), 1097–1126. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12092
Wickramasinghe, V., & Jayabandu, S. (2007). Towards workplace flexibility: Flexitime arrangements in Sri Lanka. Employee Relations, 29(6), 554–575. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450710826087
Wise, S. (2005). The right to time off for dependants: Contrasting two organisations’ responses. Employee Relations, 27(2), 126–140. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450510572667
Wong, C. K., Tang, K. L., & Ye, S. (2011). The perceived importance of family-friendly policies to childbirth decision among Hong Kong women. International Journal of Social Welfare, 20(4), 381–392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2397.2010.00757.x
Xu, X., & Jiang, T. (2021). How can millions of Chinese food delivery riders be managed in an orderly way: Based on the labor process theory. E3S Web of Conferences, 292, 02018. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129202018
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Luthfianisa Kuswandi, Yayang Yulia Nugraha

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.