Research Developments on Flexitime: A Bibliometric Analysis

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##

Luthfianisa Kuswandi
Yayang Yulia Nugraha

Abstract

Introduction/Main Objectives: The phenomenon of the increasing need for work flexibility in various countries has prompted many organizations to adopt flexitime work systems. This study aims to examine publication related to flexitime and its associations with work-life balance, jo satisfaction, and employee well-being, with a specific emphasis on female employees. Background Problems: The publication trend on flexitime has fluctuated from 1976 to 2024, with minimal publications before 1990. Since the early 2000s, the number of publications has steadily increased, driven by heightened attention to work-life balance and the evolving dynamics of the workforce. Novelty: Unlike previous studies, this research specifically examines the evolution of flexitime publications and quantitatively maps its research connections using bibliometric analysis. Research Methods: A bibliometric analysis was conducted using data from the Scopus database, analyzing 92 publications from 1976 to 2024. VOSviewer was used to visualize research trends in publication frequency, country contributions, co-authorship networks, and keyword co-occurrences. Finding/Results: The study reveals a significant rise in flexitime research since the early 2000s, correlating with increased discussions on work-life balance and employee well-being. The bibliometric analysis highlights key research clusters and gaps in existing literature. Conclusion: Flexitime research has evolved significantly, reflecting its growing importance in workforce management. However, significant gaps remain in understanding the challenges associated with implementation, the role of government policies, and the integration of technology and digital tools. Future reseach should address these issues to foster a more flexible, inclusive, and productive work environment. 

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##

How to Cite
Kuswandi, L., & Nugraha, Y. Y. (2025). Research Developments on Flexitime: A Bibliometric Analysis. Banking & Management Review, 13(1), 14–41. https://doi.org/10.52250/bmr.v13i1.940

References

  1. Algava, É., Cavalin, C., & Célérier, S. (2012). The singular good health of self-employed workers. Travail et Emploi, 132, 5–20. https://doi.org/10.4000/travailemploi.5806
  2. Allan, K. (2006). The engineer of the 21st century. IET Engineering Management, 16(2), 16–19. https://doi.org/10.1049/em:20060203
  3. Alqasa, K. M. A., & Alsulami, N. Y. (2022). The Impact of Flexible Work Arrangements (FWA) on Employees Performance in the Saudi Education sector. International Journal of Operations and Quantitative Management, 28(1), 174–192. https://doi.org/10.46970/2022.28.1.10
  4. Alsarve, J. (2017). Working it out: strategies to reconcile work and family among Swedish lone mothers. Families, Relationships and Societies, 6(3), 325–340. https://doi.org/10.1332/204674315X14418885009965
  5. Amari, A., Mousa, M., Chaouali, W., Ghali-Zinoubi, Z., & Aloui, N. (2023). Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde? Unpacking the Effects of Flexitime and Flexiplace: a Study on MENA Region. Public Organization Review, 23(4), 1333–1352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-022-00667-0
  6. Amponsah, S., Kumi-Yeboah, A., Adjapong, S. O., & Omorogie, C. O. (2020). Coping experiences of graduate students on full-time employment and full-time academic programmes. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 39(5–6), 605–618. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2020.1852621
  7. Ananda, A. (2024). The Influence of Flexible Work on Work-Life Balance and Employee Performance in Human Resource Management. Devotion : Journal of Research and Community Service, 5(2), 335–340. https://doi.org/10.59188/devotion.v5i2.689
  8. Aristizábal, C., & Alejandro, J. (2016). Editorial. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, 25(1), 9–11. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v25n1.56276
  9. Azeem, M. M., & Kotey, B. (2023). Innovation in SMEs: the role of flexible work arrangements and market competition. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 34(1), 92–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.1961162
  10. Barling, J., & Barenbrug, A. (1984). Some personal consequences of “flexitime” work schedules. Journal of Social Psychology, 123(1), 137–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1984.9924524
  11. Beare, H., Caldwell, B. J., & Millikan, R. H. (2018). Creating an Excellent School. In Creating an Excellent School: Some New Management Techniques. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351041546
  12. Blyton, P. (2008). Towards more sustainable work patterns. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 117, 487–494. https://doi.org/10.2495/SC080461
  13. Blyton, P. (2014). Changes in working time: An international review. In Changes in Working Time: An International Review. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315778426
  14. Bryan, M. L. (2012). Access to Flexible Working and Informal Care. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 59(4), 361–389. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.2012.00585.x
  15. Bryan, M. L., & Sevilla, A. (2017). Flexible working in the UK and its impact on couples’ time coordination. Review of Economics of the Household, 15(4), 1415–1437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-017-9389-6
  16. Chen, K.-J. (2001). Change of work schedule and its implications during financial crisis: The case of the Philippines. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(2), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190010014601
  17. Chen, Z., & Yeh, A. G. O. (2021). Socioeconomic variations and disparity in space–time accessibility in suburban China: A case study of Guangzhou. Urban Studies, 58(4), 750–768. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020916416
  18. Chung, H. (2018). Dualization and the access to occupational family‐friendly working‐time arrangements across Europe. Social Policy & Administration, 52(2), 491–507. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12379
  19. Chung, H., & Booker, C. (2023). Flexible Working and the Division of Housework and Childcare: Examining Divisions across Arrangement and Occupational Lines. Work, Employment and Society, 37(1), 236–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/09500170221096586
  20. Chung, H., & van der Horst, M. (2018). Women’s employment patterns after childbirth and the perceived access to and use of flexitime and teleworking. Human Relations, 71(1), 47–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726717713828
  21. Chung, H., & van der Horst, M. (2020). Flexible Working and Unpaid Overtime in the UK: The Role of Gender, Parental and Occupational Status. Social Indicators Research, 151(2), 495–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-2028-7
  22. Chung, H., & van der Lippe, T. (2020). Flexible Working, Work–Life Balance, and Gender Equality: Introduction. Social Indicators Research, 151(2), 365–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-2025-x
  23. Clarke, S., & Holdsworth, L. (2017). Flexibility in the workplace: Implications of flexible work arrangements for individuals, teams and organizations Alliance Manchester Business School. University of Manchester, Booth Street East, Manchester, M13 9SS, July, 1–36. https://www.acas.org.uk/research-and-commentary/implications-of-flexible-work-arrangements/report
  24. Conradie, W. J., & de Klerk, J. J. (2019). To flex or not to flex? Flexible work arrangements amongst software developers in an emerging economy. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 17. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v17i0.1175
  25. De Menezes, L. M., & Kelliher, C. (2011). Flexible working and performance: A systematic review of the evidence for a business case. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(4), 452–474. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00301.x
  26. De Spiegelaere, S., Van Gyes, G., & Van Hootegem, G. (2016). Not All Autonomy is the Same. Different Dimensions of Job Autonomy and Their Relation to Work Engagement & Innovative Work Behavior. Human Factors and Ergonomics In Manufacturing, 26(4), 515–527. https://doi.org/10.1002/hfm.20666
  27. Dodier, R. (2007). Temporalities in periurban areas, from commuting time to flexible time and conflict. Espace-Populations-Societes, 2–3, 305–316. https://doi.org/10.4000/eps.2198
  28. Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133(March), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070
  29. Downes, C., & Koekemoer, E. (2011). Work–life balance policies: Challenges and benefits associated with implementing flexitime. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v9i1.382
  30. Downes, C., & Koekemoer, E. (2012). Work-life Balance Policies: The Use of Flexitime. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 22(2), 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2012.10820518
  31. Drew, D., & Murtagh, E. M. (2005). Work/life balance: Senior management champions or laggards? Women in Management Review, 20(4), 262–278. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420510599089
  32. Eldridge, D., & Nisar, T. (2023). Flexitime. In Encyclopedia of Human Resource Management, Second Edition (pp. 131–136). Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85171509438&partnerID=40&md5=799dc8f3e53ad8b9c8bf0cbe330e693b
  33. Eldridge, D., & Nisar, T. M. (2011). Employee and organizational impacts of flexitime work arrangements. Relations Industrielles, 66(2), 213–234. https://doi.org/10.7202/1006144ar
  34. FARHA, Y. A., Setiadi, I. K., & Jubaedah. (2022). Pengaruh Flexible Working Arrangement Dan Kepuasan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Direktorat Tik Kantor Pusat Ditjen Pajak. Jurnal Visionida, 8(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.30997/jvs.v8i1.5630
  35. Galea, C., Houkes, I., & De Rijk, A. (2014). An insider’s point of view: how a system of flexible working hours helps employees to strike a proper balance between work and personal life. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(8), 1090–1111. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.816862
  36. Ge, J., & Polhill, G. J. (2016). Exploring the Combined Effect of Factors Influencing Commuting Patterns and CO2 Emissions in Aberdeen Using an Agent-Based Model. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 19(3). https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.3078
  37. Giachi, S., & Vallejo-Peña, A. (2022). Comparing Flexible Working Hours in Northern and Southern Europe: A Methodological Analysis using Individual Survey Data. E-Journal of International and Comparative Labour Studies, 11(2), 134–157. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85161279126&origin=inward
  38. Goulding, A., & Kerslake, E. (1996). Flexible working in UK library and information services: Current practice and concerns. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 28(4), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/096100069602800403
  39. Green, F. (2008). Leeway for the loyal: A model of employee discretion. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 46(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2007.00666.x
  40. Guillemot, L., & Soumagne, J. (2007). Temporalities and services in urban areas: The case of angers. Espace-Populations-Societes, 2–3, 255–272. https://doi.org/10.4000/eps.2153
  41. Haar, J. M. (2007). Exploring the benefits and use of flexitime: Similarities and differences. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, 4(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1108/11766090710732514
  42. Hayman, J. R. (2009). Flexible work arrangements: Exploring the linkages between perceived usability of flexible work schedules and work/life balance. Community, Work and Family, 12(3), 327–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668800902966331
  43. He, S. Y. (2013). Does flexitime affect choice of departure time for morning home-based commuting trips? Evidence from two regions in California. Transport Policy, 25, 210–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.11.003
  44. HEYWOOD, J. S., SIEBERT, W. S., & WEI, X. (2011). Estimating the Use of Agency Workers: Can Family-Friendly Practices Reduce Their Use? Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 50(3), 535–564. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2011.00645.x
  45. Hokke, S., Bennetts, S. K., Crawford, S., Leach, L., Hackworth, N. J., Strazdins, L., Nguyen, C., Nicholson, J. M., & Cooklin, A. R. (2021). Does flexible work ‘work’ in Australia? A survey of employed mothers’ and fathers’ work, family and health. Community, Work and Family, 24(4), 488–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2019.1704397
  46. Holley, W. H., Armenakis, A. A., & Field, H. S. (1976). Employee reactions to a flexitime program: A longitudinal study. Human Resource Management, 15(4), 21–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930150404
  47. Ierodiakonou, C., & Stavrou, E. (2017). Flexitime and employee turnover: the polycontextuality of regulation as cross-national institutional contingency. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(21), 3003–3026. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1362658
  48. Ingraham, P. W., & Rosenbloom, D. H. (1998). The new public personnel and the new public service. International Journal of Public Administration, 21(6–8), 995–1025. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900699808525330
  49. Jackson, L. T. B., & Fransman, E. I. (2018). Flexi work, financial well-being, work–life balance and their effects on subjective experiences of productivity and job satisfaction of females in an institution of higher learning. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v21i1.1487
  50. Kakar, A., Saufi, R., Devadhasan, B., Meyer, N., Vetrivel, S., & Magda, R. (2021). The Mediating Role of Person-Job Fit between Work-Life Balance (WLB) Practices and Academic Turnover Intentions in India’s Higher Educational Institutions. Sustainability, 13(19), 10497. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910497
  51. Kalliath, P., Kalliath, T., Chan, X. W., & Chan, C. (2020). Enhancing job satisfaction through work–family enrichment and perceived supervisor support: the case of Australian social workers. Personnel Review, 49(9), 2055–2072. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-06-2018-0219
  52. Karyabwite, A., & Govender, P. (2011). Flexitime as a mechanism to reduce employee stress. Corporate Ownership and Control, 9(1 G), 648–654. https://doi.org/10.22495/cocv9i1c6art8
  53. Karyabwite, A., & Govender, P. (2012). Flexitime and stress reduction: biographical influences. Corporate Ownership and Control, 9(4–3), 339–345. https://doi.org/10.22495/cocv9i4c3art4
  54. Kirk, J. J., Downey, B., Duckett, S., & Woody, C. (2000). Name your career development intervention. Journal of Workplace Learning, 12(5), 205–217. https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620010316217
  55. Kogi, K. (1995). Increasing flexibility in shiftwork arrangements. Work and Stress, 9(2–3), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678379508256556
  56. Krausz, M., & Hermann, E. (1991). Who is Afraid of Flexitime: Correlates of Personal Choice of a Flexitime Schedule. Applied Psychology, 40(3), 315–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1991.tb00993.x
  57. Kröll, C., Doebler, P., & Nüesch, S. (2017). Meta-analytic evidence of the effectiveness of stress management at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(5), 677–693. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1347157
  58. Kröll, C., & Nüesch, S. (2019). The effects of flexible work practices on employee attitudes: evidence from a large-scale panel study in Germany. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(9), 1505–1525. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1289548
  59. Kuhne, R. J., & Blair, C. O. (1978). Flexitime. Business Horizons, 21(2), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(78)90046-0
  60. Kumpulainen, M., & Seppänen, M. (2022). Combining Web of Science and Scopus datasets in citation-based literature study. Scientometrics, 127(10), 5613–5631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-022-04475-7
  61. Lee, R. A. (1980). Recent Trends in the Managerial Use of Flexible Working Hours. Personnel Review, 9(3), 51–53. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb055417
  62. Lee, R. A. (1981). The Effects of Flexitime on Family Life — Some Implications for Managers. Personnel Review, 10(3), 31–35. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb055439
  63. Lee, R. A. (1982). Flexitime - Past Investigations and Future Directions. Management Research News, 5(2), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb027798
  64. Lott, Y. (2020). Does Flexibility Help Employees Switch Off from Work? Flexible Working-Time Arrangements and Cognitive Work-to-Home Spillover for Women and Men in Germany. Social Indicators Research, 151(2), 471–494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-2031-z
  65. Lott, Y., Kelliher, C., & Chung, H. (2022). Reflecting the changing world of work? A critique of existing survey measures and a proposal for capturing new ways of working. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 28(4), 457–473. https://doi.org/10.1177/10242589221130597
  66. Meil, G. (2010). Geographic job mobility and parenthood decisions. In Zeitschrift fur Familienforschung (Vol. 22, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-273
  67. Mrkic, D., & von Treuer, K. (2016). The Effects of Flexitime on Individual Work Performance. Management Education: An International Journal, 16(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.18848/2327-8005/CGP/v16i01/13-23
  68. Munch, E. (2019). The irresistible peak-hour: Instrumental and axiological rationales of work hours’ synchronisation. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 3, 100063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2019.100063
  69. Munch, E. (2020). Social norms on working hours and peak times in public transport. Time & Society, 29(3), 836–865. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X20905478
  70. Narayanan, V. K., & Nath, R. (1982). A field test of some attitudinal and behavioral consequences of flexitime. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(2), 214–218. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.67.2.214
  71. Narayanan, V. K., & Nath, R. (1984). The Influence of Group Cohesiveness on Some Changes Induced by Flexitime: A Quasi-Experiment. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 20(3), 265–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/002188638402000306
  72. Nastiti, R., & Lisandri, L. (2022). Flexible Working Arrangement, Work-Life Balance dan Kinerja Pekerja Perempuan di Kota Banjarmasin di Tengah Pandemi. Jurnal Riset Inspirasi Manajemen Dan Kewirausahaan, 6(1), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.35130/jrimk.v6i1.276
  73. Ng, C. W., & Chiu, W. C. K. (2001). Managing equal opportunities for women: Sorting the friends from the foes. Human Resource Management Journal, 11(1), 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2001.tb00033.x
  74. Ninkov, A., Frank, J. R., & Maggio, L. A. (2021). Bibliometrics: Methods for studying academic publishing. Perspectives on Medical Education, 11(3), 173–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40037-021-00695-4
  75. Nollen, S. D. (1979). Does flexitime improve productivity? Harvard Business Review, 57(5), 12, 16–18, 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10243536
  76. Orpen, C. (1981). Effect of flexible working hours on employee satisfaction and performance: A field experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66(1), 113–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.66.1.113
  77. Peetz, D., & Allan, C. (2005). Flexitime and the Long-Hours Culture in the Public Sector: Causes and Effects. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 15(2), 159–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/103530460501500201
  78. Petersen, D. J. (1980). Flexitime in the United States: The lessons of experience. Personnel, 57(1), 21–31. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0019188677&partnerID=40&md5=fbf3f87f8341487435c79938cb206c37
  79. Piqhiyatul, S. (2019). Pengaruh job stress dan flexible working hours terhadap work life balance pada wanita pekerja pemetik teh yang dimediatori oleh attitude toward women [UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta]. https://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/handle/123456789/79284
  80. Ritawaty, N., Umairah, S., Hadziq, K., Sitorus, F., & Tarigan, S. E. (2024). Analisis Studi Literatur Tantangan Penerapan Flexible Working. Jurnal Syntax Admiration, 5(6), 2162–2171. https://doi.org/10.46799/jsa.v5i6.1226
  81. Roncero, R. C. (2017). Reduction and adaptation of working hours due to work-life balance. Revista Del Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social, 133, 115–138. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85139750662&partnerID=40&md5=6c819789da69d2178ac5b232c4967463
  82. RONEN, S. (1981). ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE PATTERNS OF PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYEES BEFORE AND AFTER IMPLEMENTATION OF FLEXITIME. Personnel Psychology, 34(4), 817–822. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1981.tb01432.x
  83. Rosow, J. M., & Zager, R. (1983). Punch out the time clocks. Harvard Business Review, 61(2), 12–16, 20. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020731704&partnerID=40&md5=c80b95b407797714ed29078e336e0884
  84. Russell, H., O’Connell, P. J., & McGinnity, F. (2009). The impact of flexible working arrangements on work-life conflict and work pressure in Ireland. Gender, Work and Organization, 16(1), 73–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2008.00431.x
  85. Samuel, N. (1986). Free time in France: a historical and sociological survey. International Social Science Journal, 38(1), 49–63. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022920205&partnerID=40&md5=b45f4a0eb83da62fcd831153a7d869dd
  86. Sánchez, A. M., Pérez, M. P., De Luis Carnicer, P., & Jiménez, M. J. V. (2007). Teleworking and workplace flexibility: A study of impact on firm performance. Personnel Review, 36(1), 42–64. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480710716713
  87. Santos, J. M. F. C. (2017). The Spanish labour market and work-life balance: The need for a change in the economic, social and cultural model. Revista Del Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social, 133, 369–391. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85111683984&partnerID=40&md5=91afb63ef265409f44b00bce67e7ac82
  88. Sari, C. P. (2016). Analisis faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi sitasi dan indeks H publikasi dosen ITS di Google Scholar [Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember]. http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/71391
  89. Seitz, J., & Rigotti, T. (2018). How do differing degrees of working-time autonomy and overtime affect worker well-being? A multilevel approach using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift Für Personalforschung, 32(3–4), 177–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/2397002218780630
  90. Shagvaliyeva, S., & Yazdanifard, R. (2014). Impact of Flexible Working Hours on Work-Life Balance. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 04(01), 20–23. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2014.41004
  91. SHAMIR, B. (1980). A note on individual differences in the subjective evaluation of flexitime. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53(3), 215–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1980.tb00027.x
  92. Sheail, P. (2018). Temporal flexibility in the digital university: full-time, part-time, flexitime. Distance Education, 39(4), 462–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2018.1520039
  93. Solera, C. (2022). Family Act: a «Revolution» in Italian Family Policies? Politiche Sociali, 9(2), 333–337. https://doi.org/10.7389/104624
  94. Stella, I., Jheriohanma, E. B. J., & Nehemiah, C. (2020). Flexible Working Arrangments and Organizational Performance: An Overview. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS, 25(6), 50. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2505065059
  95. Subramaniam, G., Ramachandran, J., Putit, L., & Raju, R. (2020). Exploring Academics’ Work-Life Balance and Stress Levels Using Flexible Working Arrangements. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 5(15), 469–476. https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5i15.2497
  96. Sulaymonov, A. (2020). Flexible Working Practices: Urgency or Future? Modern Economy, 11(07), 1342–1350. https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2020.117095
  97. Sunaryo, S., Sawitri, H. S. R., Suyono, J., Wahyudi, L., & Sarwoto. (2022). Flexible work arrangement and work-related outcomes during the Covid-19 pandemic: Evidence from local governments in Indonesia. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 20(3), 411–424. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(3).2022.33
  98. Susilowati, E., & Kasali, R. (2024). Pengaturan Kerja Fleksibel : Dampaknya terhadap Ketahanan Mental dan Kesejahteraan Generasi X , Y , dan Z di Depok Flexible Work Arrangements : The Impact on Mental Resilience and Wellbeing of Generations X , Y , and Z in Depok. X(1), 103–134. https://ejurnal.ubharajaya.ac.id/index.php/kamnas/article/view/1582
  99. Swart, J. C. (1985). Clerical workers on flexitime: A survey of three industries. In Personnel (Vol. 62, Issue 4). https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ314778
  100. Sweet, S., Besen, E., Pitt-Catsouphes, M., & McNamara, T. K. (2014). Do options for job flexibility diminish in times of economic uncertainty? Work, Employment and Society, 28(6), 882–903. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017014538335
  101. Ten B., L. L., Haarb, J. M., & van der Lippe, T. (2010). Collegiality under pressure: The effects of family demands and flexible work arrangements in the Netherlands. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(15), 2831–2847. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2010.528666
  102. Urbancová, H., & Navrátilová, M. (2016). The organization of working hours of selected employee categories in Czech businesses. Economic Annals, 61(211), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.2298/EKA1611099U
  103. van Rossum, D. (2024). 100+ Hybrid Work Statistics and Trends in 2024. FlexOS.Work. https://www.flexos.work/learn/hybrid-work-statistics-and-trends#nav-bar
  104. Welch, J. L., & Cordon, D. (1980). Assessing the impact of flexitime on productivity. Business Horizons, 23(6), 61–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(80)90052-X
  105. Wexler, M. N. (2015). Re-thinking queue culture: The commodification of thick time. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 35(3–4), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-06-2014-0048
  106. Wheat, R. A. (1982). The Federal Flexitime System: Comparison and Implementation. Public Personnel Management, 11(1), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/009102608201100104
  107. Whyman, P. B., & Petrescu, A. I. (2014). Partnership, flexible workplace practices and the realisation of mutual gains: evidence from the British WERS 2004 dataset. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(6), 829–851. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.751439
  108. Whyman, P. B., & Petrescu, A. I. (2015). Workplace Flexibility Practices in SMEs: Relationship with Performance via Redundancies, Absenteeism, and Financial Turnover. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(4), 1097–1126. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12092
  109. Wickramasinghe, V., & Jayabandu, S. (2007). Towards workplace flexibility: Flexitime arrangements in Sri Lanka. Employee Relations, 29(6), 554–575. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450710826087
  110. Wise, S. (2005). The right to time off for dependants: Contrasting two organisations’ responses. Employee Relations, 27(2), 126–140. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450510572667
  111. Wong, C. K., Tang, K. L., & Ye, S. (2011). The perceived importance of family-friendly policies to childbirth decision among Hong Kong women. International Journal of Social Welfare, 20(4), 381–392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2397.2010.00757.x
  112. Xu, X., & Jiang, T. (2021). How can millions of Chinese food delivery riders be managed in an orderly way: Based on the labor process theory. E3S Web of Conferences, 292, 02018. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129202018